Tin Oxide:
Tin dioxide can be described as a white, yellow, or light grey tetragonal hexagonal, orthorhombic or hexagonal crystal powder. It is a transparent and highly conductive material with a melting point at 1630 and boiling point at 1800. It was the first transparent conductive materials to be commercially used. To improve conductivity and stability it’s often doped using SnO2, Sb or F.
Tin Oxide classification
There are two types of Tin Oxide substances: Tin monoxide SnO, and Tin dioxide SnO2. Tin monoxide (black cubic crystal) has a density of 6.46g/cm3 (0). It is not soluble in water, but is readily soluble when acid is used. Cassiterite’s main constituent is Tin dioxide, which is white tetragonal glass. After melting at 1630, it is sublimated at 1800-1900. At 6.95g/cm3, the density of this component is insoluble in water. However, concentrated sulfuric acid can long-term heating may dissolve. Tin monoxide easily becomes tin oxide when it is heated in the atmosphere. If the air is heated, there will be a proportionation reaction: 4SnO–-Sn3O4+Sn
Tin monoxide cannot be disintegrated in strong alkali solutions. It also exhibits obvious reduction. Tin dioxide is very stable against heat and oxygen. It can be eutectic by strong alkali and formed solublestannate. Co-heating Tin (II), salt solution, and strong alkali can produce Tin Monoxide. Tin dioxide can also be made by heating metal tin in the air, or dissolving concentrated nitric Acid in water. After heating, dehydrate and drying it.
Tin Oxide Preparation
1. Sol-gel method
Because of its product consistency, high purity, and low synthesis temp. Solgel is a very successful process. The preparation of nanotin oxide is another popular use for this method. This method produces powder with uniform size, high specific surfaces, low firing temperature, and good activity. Nanoparticles become clumpy due to their surface tension. Some researchers recently discovered methods like freeze drying, supercritical fluid drying, and vacuum drying to solve this issue. Supercritical fluid drying is one of the best, since it removes Surface tension and capillary actions during the drying process.
2. Hydrothermal heating
A hydrothermal reaction is any chemical reaction that takes place under extreme pressure and temperature using aqueous solutions as the react medium. This method can be used in closed containers. For the crystallization or reaction of several precursors, it is possible to heat the container and create an unusual physical and chemical environment. A hydrothermal preparation of nanoparticles has the following characteristics: complete crystal grain development; small particles size; uniform distribution; less particle agglomeration; pure composition.
3. Arc gasification method
Production equipment in the arc-gasification synthesis process is power supply equipment and pit reactor. Refined tin is heated to 500°C in liquid form and then heated to 2000°C in an electric oven. A large quantity of tin dioxide vapor may be formed by the violent arc gasification process. After cooling, it is collected with dust collection equipment. It then burns in high heat to produce ultra-fine powder.
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